At the same time, however, the paper outlines an alternative conception of universality that the 1793 Declaration brings into view in the very tension between the concepts of citizen and man that it deploys. Comparing these two declarations by examining their respective contexts and contents, this paper delineates the limits of rights declarations as juridical texts and presents a critique of their universal aspirations. However, the neglected Declaration of 1793 allows us to consider the forgotten history of active struggles-most notably, that of women, the poor, and slaves-a set of struggles that, in their concrete configurations, helped to shape the Declaration's radical claims. While the histories of human rights usually give ample consideration to the proto-Declaration of 1789, they do not pay enough attention to the Declaration of 1793. It announces a politics beyond the state.
Insurgent universality refers to the excess of equality and freedom over the juridical frame of universal human rights.
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